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1 Blanquart-Evrard, Louis-Désiré
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 2 August 1802 Lille, Franced. 28 April 1872 Lille, France[br]French photographer, photographic innovator and entrepreneur.[br]After beginning his working life in a tobacco company, Blanquart-Evrard became Laboratory Assistant to a chemist. He also became interested in painting on ivory and porcelain, foreshadowing a life-long interest in science and art. Following his marriage to the daughter of a textile merchant, Blanquart-Evrard became a partner in the family business in Lyon. During the 1840s he became interested in Talbot's calotype process and found that by applying gallic acid alone, as a developing agent after exposure, the exposure time could be shorter and the resulting image clearer. Blanquart-Evrard recognized that his process was well suited to producing positive prints in large numbers. During 1851 and 1852, in association with an artist friend, he became involved in producing quantities of prints for book illustrations. In 1849 he had announced a glass negative process similar to that devised two years earlier by Niepcc de St Victor. The carrying agent for silver salts was albumen, and more far-reaching was his albumen-coated printing-out paper announced in 1850. Albumen printing paper was widely adopted and the vast majority of photographs made in the nineteenth century were printed in this form. In 1870 Blanquart-Evrard began an association with the pioneer colour photographer Ducos du Hauron with a view to opening a three-colour printing establishment. Unfortunately plans were delayed by the Franco-Prussian War, and Blanquart-Evrard died in 1872 before the project could be brought to fruition.[br]Bibliography1851, Traité de photographie sur papier, Paris (provides details of his improvements to Talbot's process).Further ReadingJ.M.Eder, 1945, History of Photography, trans. E. Epstein, New York.JWBiographical history of technology > Blanquart-Evrard, Louis-Désiré
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2 Photography, film and optics
See also: INDEX BY SUBJECT AREA[br]Ding HuanGabor, DennisKlic, KarolLippershey, HansMarton, LadislausTournachon, Gaspard FélixBiographical history of technology > Photography, film and optics
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3 Sutton, Thomas
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 1819 Englandd. 1875 Jersey, Channel Islands[br]English photographer and writer on photography.[br]In 1841, while studying at Cambridge, Sutton became interested in photography and tried out the current processes, daguerreotype, calotype and cyanotype among them. He subsequently settled in Jersey, where he continued his photographic studies. In 1855 he opened a photographic printing works in Jersey, in partnership with L.-D. Blanquart- Evrard, exploiting the latter's process for producing developed positive prints. He started and edited one of the first photographic periodicals, Photographic Notes, in 1856; until its cessation in 1867, his journal presented a fresher view of the world of photography than that given by its London-based rivals. He also drew up the first dictionary of photography in 1858.In 1859 Sutton designed and patented a wideangle lens in which the space between two meniscus lenses, forming parts of a sphere and sealed in a metal rim, was filled with water; the lens so formed could cover an angle of up to 120 degrees at an aperture of f12. Sutton's design was inspired by observing the images produced by the water-filled sphere of a "snowstorm" souvenir brought home from Paris! Sutton commissioned the London camera-maker Frederick Cox to make the Panoramic camera, demonstrating the first model in January 1860; it took panoramic pictures on curved glass plates 152×381 mm in size. Cox later advertised other models in a total of four sizes. In January 1861 Sutton handed over manufacture to Andrew Ross's son Thomas Ross, who produced much-improved lenses and also cameras in three sizes. Sutton then developed the first single-lens reflex camera design, patenting it on 20 August 1961: a pivoted mirror, placed at 45 degrees inside the camera, reflected the image from the lens onto a ground glass-screen set in the top of the camera for framing and focusing. When ready, the mirror was swung up out of the way to allow light to reach the plate at the back of the camera. The design was manufactured for a few years by Thomas Ross and J.H. Dallmeyer.In 1861 James Clerk Maxwell asked Sutton to prepare a series of photographs for use in his lecture "On the theory of three primary colours", to be presented at the Royal Institution in London on 17 May 1861. Maxwell required three photographs to be taken through red, green and blue filters, which were to be printed as lantern slides and projected in superimposition through three projectors. If his theory was correct, a colour reproduction of the original subject would be produced. Sutton used liquid filters: ammoniacal copper sulphate for blue, copper chloride for the green and iron sulphocyanide for the red. A fourth exposure was made through lemon-yellow glass, but was not used in the final demonstration. A tartan ribbon in a bow was used as the subject; the wet-collodion process in current use required six seconds for the blue exposure, about twice what would have been needed without the filter. After twelve minutes no trace of image was produced through the green filter, which had to be diluted to a pale green: a twelve-minute exposure then produced a serviceable negative. Eight minutes was enough to record an image through the red filter, although since the process was sensitive only to blue light, nothing at all should have been recorded. In 1961, R.M.Evans of the Kodak Research Laboratory showed that the red liquid transmitted ultraviolet radiation, and by an extraordinary coincidence many natural red dye-stuffs reflect ultraviolet. Thus the red separation was made on the basis of non-visible radiation rather than red, but the net result was correct and the projected images did give an identifiable reproduction of the original. Sutton's photographs enabled Maxwell to establish the validity of his theory and to provide the basis upon which all subsequent methods of colour photography have been founded.JW / BC
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Louis Désiré Blanquart-Evrard — Porträt Louis Désiré Blanquart Evrards Louis Désiré Blanquart Evrard (* 2. August 1802; † 28. April 1872 in Lille) war ein französischer Tuchhändler, versierter Chemiker und begeisterter Hobbyfotograf. Er gilt als eine der wichtigsten Personen in … Deutsch Wikipedia
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Louis Désiré Blanquart-Evrard — Portrait de Louis Désiré Blanquart Evrard Louis Désiré Blanquart Evrard (1802 Lille 1872 Lille) est un imprimeur photographe français. Il étudia le procédé de la calotypie inventé par Talbot et fit en 1847 une communicati … Wikipédia en Français
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Louis Désiré Blanquart-Evrard — (2 August 1802, Lille – 28 April 1872, Lille [Lance Day Ian McNeil, eds., Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology , 1995] ) was a French cloth merchant by trade, but in the 1840s became a student of photography. He studied the… … Wikipedia
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Blanquart — Blanckaert Cette page d’homonymie répertorie les différentes personnes partageant un même patronyme. Le patronyme néerlandais Blanckaert ou francisé en Blanquaert, Blancart, Blanquart, désigne quelqu un ayant les cheveux blancs ou est issu… … Wikipédia en Français
Evrard — Cette page d’homonymie répertorie les différents sujets et articles partageant un même nom. Patronymes Simone Évrard (1764 1824), personnalité de la Révolution française Jane Evrard (1893 1984), musicienne française Émilienne Moreau Évrard (alias … Wikipédia en Français
Blanckaert — Cette page d’homonymie répertorie des personnes (réelles ou fictives) partageant un même patronyme. Pour consulter un article plus général, voir : Nom de famille germanique. Le patronyme néerlandais Blanckaert, francisé en Blanquaert,… … Wikipédia en Français
Thomas Sutton (photographer) — Thomas Sutton (1819 1875) was an English photographer, author, and inventor. He graduated from Cambridge University in 1846 as the twenty seventh Wrangler. [ [http://www.mhs.ox.ac.uk/sphaera/index.htm?issue8/articl7 Thomas Sutton Panoramic Camera … Wikipedia
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